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Do while loop

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Control_flow#Loops" title="Control flow">Loop constructs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul>

<li><a href="While_loop" title="While loop">While loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreach_loop" title="Foreach loop">Foreach loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinite_loop" title="Infinite loop">Infinite loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control flow</a></li></ul>

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In many <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">languages</a>, a do while loop is a <a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> <a href="Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statement</a> that executes a block of code and then either repeats the block or exits the loop depending on a given <a href="Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">boolean</a> condition.

The do while construct consists of a process symbol and a condition. First the code within the block is executed. Then the condition is evaluated. If the condition is <a href="Truth" title="Truth">true</a> the code within the block is executed again. This repeats until the condition becomes <a href="False_(logic)" title="False (logic)">false</a>.

Do while loops check the condition after the block of code is executed. This control structure can be known as a post-test loop. This means the do-while loop is an exit-condition loop. However a <a href="While_loop" title="While loop">while loop</a> will test the condition before the code within the block is executed.

This means that the code is always executed first and then the expression or test condition is evaluated. This process is repeated as long as the expression evaluates to true. If the expression is false the loop terminates. A while loop sets the truth of a statement as a necessary condition for the code's execution. A do-while loop provides for the action's ongoing execution until the condition is no longer true.

It is possible and sometimes desirable for the condition to always evaluate to be true. This creates an <a href="Infinite_loop" title="Infinite loop">infinite loop</a>. When an infinite loop is created intentionally there is usually another control structure that allows termination of the loop. For example, a <a href="Control_flow#Early_exit_from_loops" title="Control flow">break statement</a> would allow termination of an infinite loop.

Some languages may use a different naming convention for this type of loop. For example, the <a href="Pascal_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal programming language">Pascal</a> and <a href="Lua_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> languages have a "repeat until" loop, which continues to run until the control expression is true and then terminates. In contrast a "while" loop runs while the control expression is true and terminates once the expression becomes false.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalent_constructs">Equivalent constructs</h2></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>do {

do_work();

} while (condition);

</pre></div>

is equivalent to

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>do_work();

while (condition) {

do_work();

}

</pre></div>

In this manner, the do ... while loop saves the initial "loop priming" with <code>do_work();</code> on the line before the <code>while</code> loop.

As long as the continue statement is not used, the above is technically equivalent to the following (though these examples are not typical or modern style used in everyday computers):

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>while (true) {

do_work();

if (!condition) break;

}

</pre></div>

or

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>LOOPSTART:

do_work();

if (condition) goto LOOPSTART;

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demonstrating_do_while_loops">Demonstrating do while loops</h2></div>

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These example programs calculate the <a href="Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of 5 using their respective languages' syntax for a do-while loop.

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada (programming language)</a></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>with Ada.Integer_Text_IO;

procedure Factorial is

Counter : Integer := 5;

Factorial : Integer := 1;

begin

loop

Factorial := Factorial * Counter;

Counter := Counter - 1;

exit when Counter = 0;

end loop;

Ada.Integer_Text_IO.Put (Factorial);

end Factorial;

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BASIC">BASIC</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></div>

Early BASICs (such as <a href="GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a>) used the syntax WHILE/WEND. Modern BASICs such as <a href="PowerBASIC" title="PowerBASIC">PowerBASIC</a> provide both WHILE/WEND and DO/LOOP structures, with syntax such as DO WHILE/LOOP, DO UNTIL/LOOP, DO/LOOP WHILE, DO/LOOP UNTIL, and DO/LOOP (without outer testing, but with a conditional EXIT LOOP somewhere inside the loop). Typical BASIC source code:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-vbnet mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Dim factorial As Integer

Dim counter As Integer

factorial = 1

counter = 5

Do

factorial = factorial * counter

counter = counter - 1

Loop While counter > 0

Print factorial

</pre></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C (programming language)</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, and <a href="D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D (programming language)</a></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c++ mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int counter = 5;

int factorial = 1;

do {

factorial *= counter--; // Multiply, then decrement.

} while (counter > 0);

std::println("factorial of 5 is {}", factorial);

</pre></div>

Do-while(0) statements are also commonly used in C macros as a way to wrap multiple statements into a regular (as opposed to compound) statement. It makes a semicolon needed after the macro, providing a more function-like appearance for simple parsers and programmers as well as avoiding the scoping problem with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">if</code>. It is recommended in <a href="CERT_C_Coding_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="CERT C Coding Standard">CERT C Coding Standard</a> rule PRE10-C.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortran">Fortran</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></div>

With legacy Fortran 77 there is no DO-WHILE construct but the same effect can be achieved with GOTO:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> INTEGER CNT,FACT

CNT=5

FACT=1

1 CONTINUE

FACT=FACT*CNT

CNT=CNT-1

IF (CNT.GT.0) GOTO 1

PRINT*,FACT

END

</pre></div>

Fortran 90 and later supports a DO-While construct:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-fortran mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>program FactorialProg

integer :: counter = 5

integer :: factorial = 1

do while (counter /= 0)

end do

print *, factorial

end program FactorialProg

</pre></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java (programming language)</a></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int counter = 5;

do {

System.out.println("The factorial of 5 is " + factorial);

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pascal">Pascal</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal (programming language)</a></div>

<a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> uses repeat/until syntax instead of do while.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-pascal mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>factorial := 1;

counter := 5;

repeat

factorial := factorial * counter;

counter := counter - 1; // In Object Pascal one may use dec (counter);

until counter = 0;

</pre></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a></div>

The <a href="PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> DO statement subsumes the functions of the post-test loop (do until), the pre-test loop (do while), and the <a href="For_loop" title="For loop">for loop</a>. All functions can be included in a single statement. The example shows only the "do until" syntax.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rexx mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>declare counter fixed initial(5);

declare factorial fixed initial(1);

do until(counter <= 0);

factorial = factorial * counter;

counter = counter - 1;

end;

put(factorial);

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Python">Python</h3></div>

Python does not have a DO-WHILE loop, but its effect can be achieved by an infinite loop with a breaking condition at the end.<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python3 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>factorial = 1

counter = 5

while True:

factorial *= counter

counter -= 1

if counter < 1:

break

print(factorial)

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racket">Racket</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket (programming language)</a></div>

In Racket, as in other <a href="Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> implementations, a "named-let" is a popular way to implement loops:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-racket mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#lang racket

(define counter 5)

(define factorial 1)

(let loop ()

(set! factorial (* factorial counter))

(set! counter (sub1 counter))

(when (> counter 0) (loop)))

(displayln factorial)

</pre></div>

Compare this with the first example of the <a href="While_loop#Racket" title="While loop">while loop</a> example for Racket. Be aware that a named let can also take arguments.

Racket and Scheme also provide a proper do loop.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-scheme mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>(define (factorial n)

(do ((counter n (- counter 1))

(result 1 (* result counter)))

((= counter 0) result) ; Stop condition and return value.

; The body of the do-loop is empty.

))

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-smalltalk mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>| counter factorial |

counter := 5.

factorial := 1.

[counter > 0] whileTrue:

[factorial := factorial * counter.

counter := counter - 1].

Transcript show: factorial printString

</pre></div>

<ul><li><a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreach_loop" title="Foreach loop">Foreach loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Repeat_loop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Repeat loop (disambiguation)">Repeat loop (disambiguation)</a></li>

<li><a href="While_loop" title="While loop">While loop</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/1067238">"C multi-line macro: do/while(0) vs scope block"</a>. Stack Overflow.</cite>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Ada Programming">Ada Programming</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming/Control" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Ada Programming/Control">Control</a></div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pixelstech.net/article/1390482950-do-%7B-%7D-while-%280%29-in-macros">do {...} while (0) in C macros</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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